First Lieutenant James “Jim” Lowman Frazier

Early Life

James Lowman Frazier was born in Homer, Louisiana, on February 2, 1925. His parents were Shervert Hughes and Mary Frazier. The couple had three children: Shervert, Jr., Mary, and the youngest, James, who was called “Jim.”

Moving Around

Frazier moved around during his childhood. His father was a Baptist minister who served in Marshall and Fort Worth, Texas. He had ties to Texas throughout his lifetime. In 1937, when Jim was 12, the family moved to Harrisburg, Illinois, where his father became the minister at the First Baptist Church. The family moved into the church’s new parsonage on East Walnut Street, and the children attended the Harrisburg schools.

School

In junior high school, Frazier was on the staff of the school magazine, the Herald. He illustrated pictures, wrote stories, and composed poetry. Drawing would become a lifelong hobby. Junior high school sparked an interest in gas-powered airplanes, which led him to become a pilot.

Frazier entered Harrisburg Township High School in the fall of 1938. At school, he played on the football team, served as the senior class secretary, and was part of the Hi-Y Club, a Christian organization affiliated with the YMCA that promoted good character and scholarship. 

He was an outstanding student, taking such courses as Latin, geometry, physics, mechanical drawing, advanced algebra, and four years of English. In the spring of 1942, Frazier graduated third in his class. After graduation, he spent the summer in Idaho employed by the Union Pacific Railroad Company as a track laborer. 

College, World War II, and Family

Following in the footsteps of his parents and siblings, Frazier enrolled at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis in the fall of 1942. He was a diver for the Gophers Swim Team and majored in aeronautical engineering.

In the spring of his freshman year, Frazier applied to the V-5 Naval Aviation Cadet program to become a pilot. While he served stateside with the United States Navy Reserves, attending flight school, his father and older brother both served in the Pacific Theater. His father retired as a lieutenant colonel, serving as a chaplain in both World War I and World War II. His brother, S.H. Jr., served with the Navy Medical Corps.

During college, Frazier began dating Carla June Cummins from his hometown of Harrisburg. He sent her a picture of himself in 1944, stating, “Carla June, This is Jim from Athens, Ga., sending all his love and best wishes for the new semester.” They were married on June 29, 1946, by Frazier’s father. Carla and James lived in Minnesota and finished their college degrees.

After graduating in the spring of 1948, the couple moved to St. Louis, where Frazier worked for McDonnell Aircraft Corporation. In July of 1949, they welcomed a baby girl, Constance Frazier, whom they called Connie. 

The family moved across the United States in early 1950 as Frazier started work with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA. He was hired as an aeronautical scientist for Moffett Field in California. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics was renamed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958. During this time, Frazier was flying for the United States Marine Corps Reserves, which would soon call him up when the Korean War started.

Homefront

Harrisburg, Illinois, in the 1950s, was a typical small midwestern hometown in America, where the local paper ran a list of who visited the town that day, most people knew each other, and people attended the local drive-in for their daily movies.

Saline County’s economy was driven by corn and bean farming, along with numerous coal mines throughout the county and in Southern Illinois. The dairy in town, Dairy Brand, was founded in 1922 and featured as one of the main sponsors on the local television station WSILTV in Harrisburg. The dairy’s mascot was a man named Cactus Pete, whose persona became well known in the 1950s. 

The stores in post-World War II Harrisburg were uptown around the square. Shoppers shopped at Ozment’s Drug Store, F. W. Woolworth’s, Skaggs Pharmacy, Karnes Hardware, Hart’s Department Store, Myron’s, and other stores and businesses. Numerous churches, mostly Protestant, stood throughout the uptown area as well. The Fraziers’ home church, First Baptist, where Reverend S. H. Frazier preached, was a block from the square. 

The town, nestled at the northern edge of the Shawnee National Forest, enticed people to come hike and hunt. Garden of the Gods, Camel Rock, and Stoneface were prominent rock formations that were visited by tourists.

Harrisburg was like many communities during the Cold War. The local newspaper was full of articles on building bomb shelters and civil defense programs. One headline in 1951 ran, “War is Inevitable, State Civil Defense Official Tells Rotarians.” The article states that no area in the United States should feel safe from attack, not even Saline County. State officials said that Russians were planning to attack the United States. Rural Harrisburg was not spared from the Red Scare that spread through the country. 

Military Experience

World War II 

James Lowman Frazier joined the military long before the Korean War broke out in 1950. He enlisted on February 1, 1943, one day before his eighteenth birthday. He was inducted into the V-5, Naval Aviator Program through the U.S. Navy Reserves at the University of Minnesota. The program was set up to increase the number of Naval officers during the war.

In his application, Frazier submitted several letters of recommendation. Bob Burnett, superintendent of the First Baptist Church Sunday School, described Frazier as having “ . . . excellent character and good reputation. He is very studious, ambitious, and has the right attitude . . . He is a one hundred percent American.” Other letters described him as dependable, trustworthy, honest, and perseverant.

Shortly after he enlisted, the V-5 program was reclassified as the V-12 Navy College Training Program. In 1943 and 1944, Frazier attended boot camp at the U.S. Naval Air Primary Training Command Regional Office near Chicago, Illinois.  He was listed as a V-12 aviation student. 

In 1944 and early 1945, Frazier received additional training at the U.S. Navy Pre-Flight School in Athens, Georgia. He mostly trained on SNJ or FG-1D Corsair propeller planes. Both were used in World War II and the Korean War. He successfully completed his flight training in May 1945 at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Memphis, Tennessee, and was transferred to the U.S. Naval Air Training Base in Pensacola, Florida.

On February 5, 1946, he was released from his U.S. Navy enlisted contract and commissioned as a second lieutenant with the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves. Throughout this training and service to his country, Frazier continued taking classes and earned his undergraduate degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1948. 

Frazier remained in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves. In June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. Frazier was living in California with his wife and baby and working at Ames Research Laboratory at Moffett Field. Although he qualified for a deferment, Frazier answered the call to report for duty as a Marine Corps aviator. His flight book indicates that he went on active duty on August 1, 1950. 

Korean War

Frazier arrived in Itami, Japan, in October 1950 and was attached to the First Marine Air Wing, Marine Aircraft Group 12, and Marine Fighter Squadron 323, known as the “Death Rattlers.” 

While in Korea, Frazier was stationed in several locations, including Wonsan, West Pusan, and Seoul. His assignment was to fly sorties. This included conducting reconnaissance, supporting ground troops by using close air support, and dropping bombs and napalm on enemy positions.  He flew a F4U Corsair while in Korea.

In November 1950, Frazier provided air support for the Battles of Majon-ni and Kunu-ri (Wowan). At the beginning of December, he flew air support for the ground troops retreating at the Chosin Reservoir. Often called the “Frozen Chosin,” the Marines experienced brutal wind chills of 70 degrees below zero. On December 1, 1950, Frazier destroyed targets, dropping napalm and 500-pound bombs, as U.S. Marines on the ground made their way south in a fighting retreat. These flights were classified in his flightbook as B-2 “combat mission resulting in engagement with enemy.”  

Frazier also helped evacuate Wonsan and Yonpo as United Nations troops, pushed by Chinese forces, evacuated areas of North Korea, moving south below the 38^th Parallel. 

From January to the end of April, Frazier flew over 50 combat flights for the U.S. Marine VMF 323.  Most were armed reconnaissance and close air support near Pusan, Inchon, Seoul, Kiyang-ni, and Karinung. 

March and April saw a spike in missions flown by Frazier and the rest of VMF-323. Frazier’s flightbook and the historical diaries of VMF-323 record reconnaissance and close-support flights almost daily. 

Last Mission

On April 30, 1951,  Frazier and Lieutenant Lilburn “Jeff” Harpe flew a mission that destroyed several gun positions in North Korea. They decided there were more targets to hit and went back to Seoul to reload the planes. During his third mission of the day, Frazier’s plane was hit by enemy fire and crashed into the top of the ridge. 

A letter from Captain C. R. Stewart to Mrs. Carla Frazier read,

On the morning of April 30, Jim and Jeff Harpe were on an armed recon hop north of  Uijongbu and discovered a nest of anti-aircraft weapons on a ridge. They returned K-16 (near Seoul), and reported what they had seen, gassed their planes, rearmed, had lunch; and were ordered back into the air to destroy the gun positions. They had destroyed the majority of them when Jeff heard Jim call on the radio and say ‘Man – look at all those tracers go by!’ Jim was in a straffing [sic] run at the time and it was just after the radio call that Jims [sic] plane was hit, caught fire and dove into the ground. It exploded on Impact.

Although his friend, Harpe, saw where Frazier went down, Frazier’s remains could not be retrieved. Carla Frazier received a Western Union Telegram on May 1, 1950, stating that the Marine Corps deeply regretted to inform her that her husband, James Lowman Frazier, had been killed in the “performance of his duty and service to the country” the day before. 

The VMF 323 Unit Diary notes the details of Lieutenant Frazier’s mission and crash. Numerous newspapers in Illinois and Texas ran stories about his crash and sacrifice over the next week.

Commemoration

The outpouring of love for Carla Frazier and Jim’s daughter, Connie Frazier, was expressed in the letters sent to Carla. 

Lieutenant Harpe, who was with Frazier when he went down, stated, “The Marine Corps has lost one of its best pilots and most capable officers. I have lost one of the best friends I have ever had, and you have lost more than any of us. Always remember that Jim died a Hero’s death.”

Lt. John Coffman, another pilot, wrote, 

He [James] was one of my closest friends, his death has truly been the shock of the war to me. You will hear and see things that might make you think his death was a waste, then he died in vain. That is not true, we who have some idea of what is going on over here know that…If someone would have told Jim that he would be killed four or five months later, it wouldn’t have changed his actions at all.

In January 1952, U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Allen and Major Frank Kaemper presented Frazier’s Silver Star to Mrs. Carla Frazier and her daughter Connie. In part, the citation read:

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as a Pilot of a Fighter Plane in Marine Fighter Squadron THREE HUNDRED TWENTY-THREE in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on 30 April 1951. . . Although his plane was hit and caught fire during the determined assault, he continued his accurate bombing and strafing run, dropping his napalm and skillfully firing his rockets into the target until his plane became unmanageable and crashed into the target area . . .His outstanding leadership, professional skill and gallant devotion to duty reflect the highest credit upon First Lieutenant Frazier and the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.

Jim Frazier has not been forgotten like the Korean War. His daughter has dedicated a tree in his honor at the local library. He is remembered on the Saline County Memorial Wall, erected every Veteran’s Day at Harrisburg High School, more than 80 years after he walked those same hallways. His name was pinned to an American flag outside the high school this year, one of 230 that represented every man who had served and died in uniform from Saline County. 

He was intelligent and hardworking. He was a family man and left them to serve when the nation called. Harrisburg has not forgotten its hometown hero. 

James Lowman Frazier’s name is inscribed on the Honolulu Memorial at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific and on the Little Arlington Monument in Sunset Lawn Cemetery, where he also has a memorial marker. In Springfield, Illinois, the Korean War Monument is surrounded by the names of those Illinoisans who gave their lives in Korea, including Frazier and  22 other Saline County men who were lost. 

On the upcoming seventy-fifth anniversary of James Lowman Frazier’s death, our nation, the State of Illinois, and Saline County thank him for the ultimate sacrifice he made to secure freedom and democracy.

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This profile was researched and created through the Researching Silent Heroes program, sponsored by the American Battle Monuments Commission.